Computer Networking

  I.   A network is a collection of Computers, Servers, Mainframes, Network devices, peripherals ( A peripherals device connects to a computer system to add functionalities.), or other devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. An excellent example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of peoples all over the world.

II.  A network is nothing more than two or more computers connected by a cable or by a wireless radio connection so that they can exchange information.

Computer Networking 

Computer Network

1. Interconnections of two or more computers and peripherals.
2. Allows users to share and transfer information.

 Examples of Network Devices

• Desktop Computers, Laptops, Mainframes, and Servers.
• Consoles and thin Clients.
• Firewalls
• Bridges 
• Repeaters
• Network Interface Card
• Switches, Hub, Modems, and Routers.
• Smartphones and Tablets.
• Webcams and IpCam.

Needs Of Computer Network

• Sharing Resources
• Reduced Cost
• Reduced Time 
• Scalability
• Reliability
• Security

Classification of Computer Networks

        Computer networking is classified based on various factors. They include:
        1.  Geographical Span
        2.  Inter-Connectivity
        3.  Administration
        4. Architecture 

Types of networking

Computer networking is two primary types of computer networking: 

1. Wired Networking
2. Wireless Networking

Wired Networking

Wired networking requires the use of a physical medium for transport between nodes. Copper-based Ethernet cabling, popular due to its low cost and durability, is commonly used for digital communications in businesses and homes. Alternatively, optical fiber is used to transport data over greater distances and at faster speeds, but it has several tradeoffs, including higher costs and more fragile components.

Wireless Networking

Wireless networking uses radio waves to transport data over the air, enabling devices to be connected to a network without any cabling. Wireless LANs are the most well-known and widely deployed form of wireless networking. Alternatives include microwave, satellite, cellular, and Bluetooth, among others.

On Off LED with 1 Button-Arduino

1 Switch Control 1 LED Arduino

In this arduino project we will learn how to connect 1 Switch with 1 LED from arduino board.When the button (any button e.g Push Button,Toggle Button etc but i recommended a push button and i have a use push button in this video.) is open (unpressed) there is no connection between the two legs of the button, so the pin is connected to ground (through the pull-down resistor) and we read a LOW and LED (Light Emitting Diode) OFF. When the button closed (pressed), it makes a connection between its two legs, connection the pin to 5 volts, so that we read a HIGH and LED (Light Emitting Diode) ON.

Tip

You can also write this circuit the opposite way, with a pull-up resistor keeping the input HIGH,and going LOW when the button is pressed. If so, the behavior of the sketch will be reversed , with the LED normally ON and turning OFF when you press the button.If you disconnect the digital input/output pin from everything, the LED may blink change-fully. This is because the input is "floating" that is, it will randomly return either HIGH or LOW. That's why you need a pull-up or pull-down resistor in the circuit.
Hardware Required

You will need the following components:-

• Arduino Mega2560/UNO R3 
• Breadboard
• 1 LED( any color)
• 1 Push Switch
• 1 Resistor 330Ω
• 1 Resistor 10kΩ
• Jumpers

Procedure

Follow the circuit diagram and hook up the components on the breadboard as shown in the image given below: 

Note:- To find out the polarity of an LED,look at closely.The shorter of two legs,towards the flat edge of the bulb indicates the negative terminal.

The Code

Here's the 'Button' code, embedded using codebender!

Keep in mind that setup () routine runs only one after power ON/re-program or press the reset button. In the program below, the first thing you do is to initialize pin 9 as an output pin with pinMode () function in setup () routine.

The loop() routine runs over and over again,forever. In the main loop , you read the state of button (pressed=high, unpressed=low) and you store it in buttonState variable. When button pressed once, the LED turns ON, and when pressed twice, the LED turns off. 

The code of arduino program 

int buttonInput = 7;      // initialize variable pin

int ledOutput = 8;         // initialize variable pin
int buttonstate = 0;          // initialize button condition that's  0 or 1

void setup() {            // main loop in this program for one time run 

pinMode(buttonInput,INPUT);   // define this Button pin for input

pinMode(ledOutput,OUTPUT);   // define this Led pin for output 

}

void loop() {   // put your main code here, to run this loop repeatedly

buttonstate = digitalRead(buttonInput);//Read state of the Button
if    (buttonstate == HIGH)             //if is pressed button

{
digitalWrite(ledOutput,HIGH);    //Write HIGH to led pin

}
else                                                       //if not pressed button
{

digitalWrite(ledOutput,LOW);       //Write LOW to led pin
}

   }

.........................................
You Can download this code from this here:Download

I hope you'd like this and give me feedback through comment section..Thank you.

Audio Splitter Cable

In this tutorial you will be able to know about audio splitter cable.Plug in one Mic and one Hand-free with this audio splitter cable.Mic have mostly 3 pole pin.
What is 3 pole and ring in audio pin?

In top picture have in blue color is pole and yellow color is ring.

If we insert 3 pole audio pin 4 pole audio jack then they not proper work.Example always our all android hones and mostly new models laptop in 4 pole audio jack.Then we use audio splitter cable for this.You can better understand by looking at the below picture.

No influence on the sound quality.Made up high quality environmental protection material.High quality copper wires ensure best and pure quality.

   

What is Breadboard and how its use and connection

What is breadboard?

A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test designs. A breadboard is widely used tool to design and test designs.

A breadboard with holes that allow circuits, wires, and others components to be interconnected without soldering. The breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like ICs, resistors and can be inserted. You can see that how to you insert components in breadboard?

The top and bottom rows of holes are connected horizontally and split in the middle while the remaining holes are connected vertically. A typical breadboard layout consists of two types of region also called strips.  

• Bus Strip
• Socket Strip

Bus strips are usually used to provide power Supply to the circuit. It consists of two columns, one for power voltage and other for ground.Socket strips are used to hold most of the components in a circuit. Generally consists of two sections each with 5 rows and 64 columns. Every column is electrically connected from inside.

Note how all holes in the selected row ( rows highlight from pink color ) are connected together, so the holes in the selected column ( columns highlight from blue color ) . The set of connected holes can be called node:

To interconnect the selected row (node A) and column (node B) a cable going from any hole in the row to any hole in the column is needed:

Now the selected column (node B) and row (node A) are interconnected:

You can clean your conceptually see this video below⇓ 

Checked by: Kashif Ali

Transformerless Led Driver Circuit Diagram

How can make 230 volts LED Driver Circuit without Transformer?

We learn now today that how can use 4 LED'S turns on 230 volt AC without transformer?

In this project, we have design simple 230v LED driver circuit, which can drive LED directly from the main supply.

Circuit Diagram

Required components                                             

1) Resistor 20kΩ/1 watt

2) Polar Capacitor 100uf/16v

3) 4 LED's 8mm (Colors on your Depends)

4) Diode 1N4007

Let we start

You can see this picture how to your require components for his circuit? First of all 4 LED's connected in series after then capacitor (100uf/16volt) parallel of led's and resistor connected with a capacitor of positive terminal and with a negative terminal connected positive side of diode (1N4007) after then this circuit connect with AC supply. You can see this that how connects components in circuit?

Application of 230v LED Driver Circuit Work

This circuit can be used for normal light system.

It can be used as an indicator circuit.

One can fix this circuit with the door bell to given indication.

Advantages

With the help of this 230v LED Driver circuit, we can drive LED's directly from the main supply.

This project is based on a transformer less supply. Hence the final build won't be a large one.

Checked by: Kashif Ali

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Define Electricity?

Electricity is simply the flow of electrons from one place to another place.

(Electricity)

Electrons are tiny particles that orbit the core of an atom, and they can be made to hop from one atom to next atom. Electrons moves very easily through metal wire, but the flow of electrons is limited by the size of the wire. Increasing the wire size allows for more electrons to flow through it and for electricity to be delivered safely to homes,factories and Industrial etc.Electricity is all around us–powering technology like our cell phones, computers, lights, soldering irons, and air conditioners. It’s tough to escape it in our modern world.

 (Electron flow) 

Electricity is shortly defined as the flow of electric charge. Here this create a one question related to just simple charge that what is Charge?

I will give u answer that the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body ( either postive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons. Charge comes in two forms, positive (+) and negative (-).Charge is a property of matter–just like mass, volume, or density.The key concept with charge is that it can come in two types: positive (+) or negative (-). Electrons always carry a negative charge, while protons are always positively charged. Neutrons (true to their name) are neutral, they have no charge. Both electrons and protons carry the same amount of charge, just a different type.

(You can see this charge in this picture)

Electrostatic force is a force that operates between two charges (positive (+) and negtive (-) ).Opposites charges interactively to attract and same charges intractively to repel.

  (Attraction and Repeltion)

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4.7 volt Dry Battery and its Parts of function

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.A dry-cell battery uses an immobilized electrolyte that minimizes moisture and allows for superior portability.

All batteries have 2 main terminals Positive (+) and Negative (-) and each cell of battery have 2 terminals.In this battery in two cells.Each cell have 2.3 volts.

All batteries have 2 main terminals Positive (+) and Negative (-) and each cell of battery have 2 terminals.In this battery in two cells.Each cell have 2.3 volt.It's right method or right way of cells plate with separator in batter inner side of battery body.In this battery have consist 2 cells but each cell consist on 2 plate in series.

When we use to battery then cells charge to discharge and discharge to charge during weak and break the plate.You can see in this picture.

Such complete plate with separator in the inner side of battery body.This picture relate to next picture.

                                                         

A separator is a permeable membrane placed between a battery's anode and cathode. The main function of a separator is to keep the two electrodes apart to prevent electrical short circuit while also allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers that are needed to close the circuit during the passage of current in an electrochemical cell.Separators are critical components in liquid electrolyte batteries

                                                                               
It's main part of this battery.it's work or function of this protect to separator,Cells and electrolyte etc.
All Pictures of batteries.

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Engineering,Science and Technology

New Technology in Japan Free Solar Power 2017